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HKS Architects’ new project is a campground designed with both sustainability and accessible luxury in mind.
The architecture firm HKS is known for its innovative, climate-informed approach to large-scale architectural projects, from an award-winning stadium in California to a yacht club in Saudi Arabia to a bioscience lab in Singapore. The practice is also committed to research, landing on Fast Company’s 200 most innovative companies for designing air filtration systems in a luxury condo building in Dallas.
The group’s latest project, AutoCamp Joshua Tree, is just outside its namesake national park in southern California, about one hour from Palm Springs and two hours from Los Angeles. The glamping hotspot embodies HKS’s philosophy by keeping guests cool — literally and figuratively — using design strategies to manage the desert heat.
I spoke to Michael Strohmer, who leads the firm’s hotel practice, about how they tried to maximize shade and minimize environmental impact. Our conversation has been edited for length and clarity.
What is the general architectural approach for HKS?
HKS’s approach to hospitality is to start by understanding the place — where the site is located. Is it urban? A resort? The point is for the design to be integrated into the environment. Not only is it important for the nearby community, it’s important for the guests visiting. Travelers are looking for something authentic that tells the story of the place. Our job is to convey that through the design. Integration with the natural environment is key to what we do.
I’m curious how you applied this approach to AutoCamp in Joshua Tree?
The AutoCamp at Joshua Tree was unique for us. We have designed several five star resorts — Four Seasons, Ritz Carlton, Rosewood to name a few — but Joshua Tree was our first autocamp. (We have since done another in Zion State Park.) They were going for approachable luxury versus ultra luxury — they wanted to provide a higher-end experience and amenities at a lower price point, still with good service. The point was to build a place for guests to experience a natural environment with a high level of quality. It’s definitely a trend we’re seeing quite a bit, this desire to reconnect with nature.
Matt Kisiday/courtesy of HKS
Your Habitable score shows extremely high for drought, heat, fire, and even flooding! Were you aware of that when you built here?
We were definitely aware of the issues of building in a desert environment. The high desert freezes in wintertime, and while we are aware of the climate and were considering that from our design approach, I didn’t know about the flood risk. I guess flash floods can be an issue for Palm Springs. Still, the AutoCamp location is at a higher elevation. It’s not far way but a bit of a different climate.
What decisions did you make to build AutoCamp for this desert environment?
When it came to building orientation, that was a big factor we looked at. The main clubhouse building was the one fixed piece of architecture at AutoCamp — the guest rooms are a collection of Airstream trailers that can be moved. We oriented the clubhouse to minimize the solar impact and allow for natural light to come in, for the breeze winds to come through and cool off the interior during the summer months.
The number one thing during summer months in the desert is to provide shade to escape to, so we built it so the sun doesn’t hit the glass directly so that it doesn’t absorb into the interior space. The glass is protected with horizontal elements — trellis slats or louvers — to let light come through but not the [direct] sun.
We also worked with a landscape designer that is familiar with the desert environment, so we planted a lot of native species also to save on water. The biggest goal is to minimize the site impact. Bringing in prefab trailers really helped. Non-conventional construction meant we didn’t have to wipe out land to rebuild. We were trying to have a light touch.
How did you adapt the design for different desert seasons?
By providing large operable expanses of glass that allow the clubhouse to open up during more temperate months. We built in the ability to bring in natural air and breezes [instead of] always having to use the AC.
Matt Kisiday/courtesy of HKS
What are your three top takeaways for people living in a desert environment?
1. Mobility is a great option. I love the idea of a moveable trailer to take to different environments. The light touch minimizes disruption to the site.
2. Providing shade not just for people but for the buildings is key. Come up with creative ways to minimize solar impact. Landscaping goes a long way.
3. The main AutoCamp building is in a barrel arched shape based on a Quonset huts, industrial buildings used by the military that can be erected quickly in a time of need. They require minimal construction and the panels are preformed with structural integrity. It’s a playful spin off of something meant for industrial use and ties into the whole approachable luxury concept. It doesn’t feel so precious.
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New York City may very well be the epicenter of this particular fight.
It’s official: the Moss Landing battery fire has galvanized a gigantic pipeline of opposition to energy storage systems across the country.
As I’ve chronicled extensively throughout this year, Moss Landing was a technological outlier that used outdated battery technology. But the January incident played into existing fears and anxieties across the U.S. about the dangers of large battery fires generally, latent from years of e-scooters and cellphones ablaze from faulty lithium-ion tech. Concerned residents fighting projects in their backyards have successfully seized upon the fact that there’s no known way to quickly extinguish big fires at energy storage sites, and are winning particularly in wildfire-prone areas.
How successful was Moss Landing at enlivening opponents of energy storage? Since the California disaster six months ago, more than 6 gigawatts of BESS has received opposition from activists explicitly tying their campaigns to the incident, Heatmap Pro® researcher Charlie Clynes told me in an interview earlier this month.
Matt Eisenson of Columbia University’s Sabin Center for Climate Law agreed that there’s been a spike in opposition, telling me that we are currently seeing “more instances of opposition to battery storage than we have in past years.” And while Eisenson said he couldn’t speak to the impacts of the fire specifically on that rise, he acknowledged that the disaster set “a harmful precedent” at the same time “battery storage is becoming much more present.”
“The type of fire that occurred there is unlikely to occur with modern technology, but the Moss Landing example [now] tends to come up across the country,” Eisenson said.
Some of the fresh opposition is in rural agricultural communities such as Grundy County, Illinois, which just banned energy storage systems indefinitely “until the science is settled.” But the most crucial place to watch seems to be New York City, for two reasons: One, it’s where a lot of energy storage is being developed all at once; and two, it has a hyper-saturated media market where criticism can receive more national media attention than it would in other parts of the country.
Someone who’s felt this pressure firsthand is Nick Lombardi, senior vice president of project development for battery storage company NineDot Energy. NineDot and other battery storage developers had spent years laying the groundwork in New York City to build out the energy storage necessary for the city to meet its net-zero climate goals. More recently they’ve faced crowds of protestors against a battery storage facility in Queens, and in Staten Island endured hecklers at public meetings.
“We’ve been developing projects in New York City for a few years now, and for a long time we didn’t run into opposition to our projects or really any sort of meaningful negative coverage in the press. All of that really changed about six months ago,” Lombardi said.
The battery storage developer insists that opposition to the technology is not popular and represents a fringe group. Lombardi told me that the company has more than 50 battery storage sites in development across New York City, and only faced “durable opposition” at “three or four sites.” The company also told me it has yet to receive the kind of email complaint flood that would demonstrate widespread opposition.
This is visible in the politicians who’ve picked up the anti-BESS mantle: GOP mayoral candidate Curtis Sliwa’s become a champion for the cause, but mayor Eric Adams’ “City of Yes” campaign itself would provide for the construction of these facilities. (While Democratic mayoral nominee Zohran Mamdani has not focused on BESS, it’s quite unlikely the climate hawkish democratic socialist would try to derail these projects.)
Lombardi told me he now views Moss Landing as a “catalyst” for opposition in the NYC metro area. “Suddenly there’s national headlines about what’s happening,” he told me. “There were incidents in the past that were in the news, but Moss Landing was headline news for a while, and that combined with the fact people knew it was happening in their city combined to create a new level of awareness.”
He added that six months after the blaze, it feels like developers in the city have a better handle on the situation. “We’ve spent a lot of time in reaction to that to make sure we’re organized and making sure we’re in contact with elected officials, community officials, [and] coordinated with utilities,” Lombardi said.
And more on the biggest conflicts around renewable energy projects in Kentucky, Ohio, and Maryland.
1. St. Croix County, Wisconsin - Solar opponents in this county see themselves as the front line in the fight over Trump’s “Big Beautiful” law and its repeal of Inflation Reduction Act tax credits.
2. Barren County, Kentucky - How much wood could a Wood Duck solar farm chuck if it didn’t get approved in the first place? We may be about to find out.
3. Iberia Parish, Louisiana - Another potential proxy battle over IRA tax credits is going down in Louisiana, where residents are calling to extend a solar moratorium that is about to expire so projects can’t start construction.
4. Baltimore County, Maryland – The fight over a transmission line in Maryland could have lasting impacts for renewable energy across the country.
5. Worcester County, Maryland – Elsewhere in Maryland, the MarWin offshore wind project appears to have landed in the crosshairs of Trump’s Environmental Protection Agency.
6. Clark County, Ohio - Consider me wishing Invenergy good luck getting a new solar farm permitted in Ohio.
7. Searcy County, Arkansas - An anti-wind state legislator has gone and posted a slide deck that RWE provided to county officials, ginning up fresh uproar against potential wind development.
Talking local development moratoria with Heatmap’s own Charlie Clynes.
This week’s conversation is special: I chatted with Charlie Clynes, Heatmap Pro®’s very own in-house researcher. Charlie just released a herculean project tracking all of the nation’s county-level moratoria and restrictive ordinances attacking renewable energy. The conclusion? Essentially a fifth of the country is now either closed off to solar and wind entirely or much harder to build. I decided to chat with him about the work so you could hear about why it’s an important report you should most definitely read.
The following chat was lightly edited for clarity. Let’s dive in.
Tell me about the project you embarked on here.
Heatmap’s research team set out last June to call every county in the United States that had zoning authority, and we asked them if they’ve passed ordinances to restrict renewable energy, or if they have renewable energy projects in their communities that have been opposed. There’s specific criteria we’ve used to determine if an ordinance is restrictive, but by and large, it’s pretty easy to tell once a county sends you an ordinance if it is going to restrict development or not.
The vast majority of counties responded, and this has been a process that’s allowed us to gather an extraordinary amount of data about whether counties have been restricting wind, solar and other renewables. The topline conclusion is that restrictions are much worse than previously accounted for. I mean, 605 counties now have some type of restriction on renewable energy — setbacks that make it really hard to build wind or solar, moratoriums that outright ban wind and solar. Then there’s 182 municipality laws where counties don’t have zoning jurisdiction.
We’re seeing this pretty much everywhere throughout the country. No place is safe except for states who put in laws preventing jurisdictions from passing restrictions — and even then, renewable energy companies are facing uphill battles in getting to a point in the process where the state will step in and overrule a county restriction. It’s bad.
Getting into the nitty-gritty, what has changed in the past few years? We’ve known these numbers were increasing, but what do you think accounts for the status we’re in now?
One is we’re seeing a high number of renewables coming into communities. But I think attitudes started changing too, especially in places that have been fairly saturated with renewable energy like Virginia, where solar’s been a presence for more than a decade now. There have been enough projects where people have bad experiences that color their opinion of the industry as a whole.
There’s also a few narratives that have taken shape. One is this idea solar is eating up prime farmland, or that it’ll erode the rural character of that area. Another big one is the environment, especially with wind on bird deaths, even though the number of birds killed by wind sounds big until you compare it to other sources.
There are so many developers and so many projects in so many places of the world that there are examples where either something goes wrong with a project or a developer doesn’t follow best practices. I think those have a lot more staying power in the public perception of renewable energy than the many successful projects that go without a hiccup and don’t bother people.
Are people saying no outright to renewable energy? Or is this saying yes with some form of reasonable restrictions?
It depends on where you look and how much solar there is in a community.
One thing I’ve seen in Virginia, for example, is counties setting caps on the total acreage solar can occupy, and those will be only 20 acres above the solar already built, so it’s effectively blocking solar. In places that are more sparsely populated, you tend to see restrictive setbacks that have the effect of outright banning wind — mile-long setbacks are often insurmountable for developers. Or there’ll be regulations to constrict the scale of a project quite a bit but don’t ban the technologies outright.
What in your research gives you hope?
States that have administrations determined to build out renewables have started to override these local restrictions: Michigan, Illinois, Washington, California, a few others. This is almost certainly going to have an impact.
I think the other thing is there are places in red states that have had very good experiences with renewable energy by and large. Texas, despite having the most wind generation in the nation, has not seen nearly as much opposition to wind, solar, and battery storage. It’s owing to the fact people in Texas generally are inclined to support energy projects in general and have seen wind and solar bring money into these small communities that otherwise wouldn’t get a lot of attention.