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On refineries, Europeanizing Canada, and Australian uranium

Current conditions: The Atlantic set a record on Saturday for the longest stretch of the hurricane season since the advent of satellites without a major named storm • Argentina is bracing for severe Zonda winds, a type of intense downslope gust unique to the eastern side of the Andes Mountains • While the wildfires darkening skies over Indonesia have receded, blazes are still raging across the southern shores of Sumatra, Borneo, and West Papua.
The United States is preparing to eliminate any cap on the amount of planet-warming pollution from burning coal or gas that power plants can spew into the atmosphere. On Sunday night, The New York Times reported that the Environmental Protection Agency planned to announce a final repeal of climate rules on the power sector at this week’s summit in Houston of energy ministers from the Group of 20 nations. The EPA already moved to remove the entire legal basis for regulating greenhouse gases at any level by gutting its endangerment finding, which my colleagues Robinson Meyer and Emily Pontecorvo explained last winter. In March, as I told you at the time, almost half of all U.S. states sued to block the administration from rescinding the finding. The EPA went on to scrap standards on climate-heating emissions for car tailpipes and loosened rules on heat-trapping chemicals used in refrigerators and air conditioners. Under the new proposal, which the Times noted would come out Monday, power plants would still face limits on mercury, arsenic, and other contaminants, “though the EPA has already loosened restrictions on how much mercury they can emit.”
Nearly a year ago, I told you about the legal challenges already mounting for President Donald Trump’s order to keep a Michigan coal-fired station open past its planned retirement date on the grounds that the broader grid system is under an “emergency” level of stress. Maintaining the J.H. Campbell coal station for just three months past its previously-agreed closure cost the utility Consumers Energy nearly $30 million. And all that was to fulfill an illegal order, a federal court just decided. On Friday, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against the Trump administration’s use of emergency powers to force the plant to stay open. The court found that the Department of Energy illegally invoked Section 202(c), the emergency authority of the Federal Power Act, to override the long-term planning process through which Consumers, Michigan, and the Energy Department had agreed to terminate power production at the 1.4-gigawatt plant. The agency has since used the same statute to order coal plants in Colorado, Florida, Indiana, and Washington to remain open. “The DOE needs to stay in its lane and use its emergency powers only in actual emergencies,” Michael Lenoff, Earthjustice attorney, said in a statement. “Preventing the market-driven retirements of coal plants to advance a coal-friendly agenda is not a proper use of emergency powers.” In July, Washington State announced a deal with utility TransAlta to convert the state’s only remaining coal plant to run on natural gas. But that same day, the Energy Department renewed its directive to keep TransAlta’s Centralia coal plant running for at least another three months. “America needs more reliable power, not less, and today’s order will help ensure reliable electricity generation remains available to help address periods of peak demand,” Secretary of Energy Chris Wright said in a statement at the same time. “The Trump administration remains committed to reversing the misguided energy subtraction policies it inherited from past leaders.”
The White House, meanwhile, is considering using the Defense Production Act to expand U.S. oil refining capacity. The proposal, reported by Reuters, came up during a meeting between Trump and a dozen U.S. refiners, who told the president that federal money “would be better directed toward making refineries more efficient or expanding existing plants rather than financing an entirely new refinery,” which would cost more and take years to complete.
A surge of utility-scale solar projects racing to completion before the federal tax credits expires in July added 11.4 gigawatts of capacity to the U.S. in the second quarter of this year, representing a 45% increase. That’s according to a PV Tech analysis of the latest Solar Energy Industries Association report I told you about on Thursday. Rooftop solar was a mixed bag in the second three-month stretch of 2026. Residential solar installations fell 12% year over year and community solar declined 14%, but corporate and industrial projects grew by 11%. Utility-scale projects, on the other hand, soared by 61% year over year. “The concentration on utility-scale developments was a direct response to the Trump administration’s phaseout of tax credits for renewable energy deployments from July 4, 2026 and the ‘safe harbor’ period that requires projects are placed in service,” PV Tech wrote.
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Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney instructed his special envoy to Europe to “scope out the most ambitious possibilities short of full membership” in the European Union or its common market, The Wall Street Journal reported Sunday. The details, the newspaper noted, “are still being sketched by technical working groups for what the prime minister has told his aides will be the reorienting of an economy and a society that for half a century has been dominated by the U.S.” If successful, the pivot to Brussels would reshape the energy and resource profile of both continents, pairing Europe’s wealth and vast population with Canada’s vast supply of oil, gas, and minerals. “In a more dangerous and divided world, Canada and our European partners are moving ever closer,” Carney said in a statement over the weekend. “Our shared values, complementary strengths, and common interests serve as the strong foundation on which we can build a stronger future. Together, Canada and our European partners have the ambition and strength to create a more just, stable, and universally prosperous world.”

Canada boasts the world’s second-biggest output of uranium, a potential boon to Europe’s nuclear sector. But with Kazakhstan, the world’s top supplier, cautioning that more of its supply could end up going to China and other new buyers, Australia — the world’s No. 4 supplier — is looking for a bigger stake in the world’s third-place producer, Namibia. A pair of Australian companies are pushing ahead with plans to build new projects in the southwest African nation, Bloomberg reported last week. Bannerman Energy and Deep Yellow are both based in the Western Australian mining hub of Perth. Bannerman is considering a joint venture with China National Nuclear Corporation in which Beijing’s state-owned reactor operator would buy a 45% stake in a mine and agree to buy 60% of its output once the project is commissioned in 2028. Deep Yellow’s nearby Tumas project is, per the newswire, “a little less advanced but targeting a final investment decision toward the end of the year.”
China’s wind turbine champion, Goldwind, is getting into another green sector. The world’s largest turbine manufacturer shipped its first batch of green methanol from a 160-megawatt project in Inner Mongolia to South Korea, where it’s expected to be shipped to a buyer in the EU, Hydrogen Insight reported. It’s yet another sign of how China is stepping up to meet the EU’s carbon tariff.
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On an NRC acceptance, Deb Haaland’s rejection, and Texas’ win over Chinese solar
Current conditions: Temperatures at the supposedly cursed Bhangarh Fort in Rajasthan, India — considered one of the most “haunted” places in Asia — are projected to climb north of 80 degrees Fahrenheit on Halloween • The sun is shining all weekend in Oaxaca, Mexico, known for its vibrant Día de los Muertos celebrations, set to start on Sunday • As the New York City marathon kicks off Sunday morning, temperatures could top 63 degrees Fahrenheit, five degrees above the historical average.
Fossil-fueled power plants to run artificial intelligence data centers are set to emit 460 million metric tons of carbon dioxide by the end of this decade — roughly equal to the climate-changing pollution from the entire economy of Mexico (which, by the way, is lagging behind the rest of Latin America on clean energy). That’s according to a new Sierra Club analysis published Thursday on Bloomberg. The emissions are set to “undo 15 years’ worth of greenhouse gas reductions from U.S. electricity generation.” The U.S. power sector is on track to emit 2.1 billion metric tons of carbon by 2030, a 618 million-ton increase from 2025 levels. “The numbers continue to sort of boggle our minds,” Jeremy Fisher, the Sierra Club’s principal advisor for climate and energy, told the newswire.
The latest polling from Heatmap Pro shows that public opposition to data centers has plateaued. But signs of the backlash were clear from Louisiana Governor Jeff Landry’s latest effort to condition lucrative tax breaks for data centers and start referring to the facilities as “digital factories,” according to The New Orleans Times-Picayune.
New Jersey Governor Mikie Sherrill has threatened to block tankers carrying Russian diesel from offloading the fuel at her state’s ports, the largest petroleum import hub on the U.S. East Coast. In an interview with the Financial Times, the Democrat said President Donald Trump’s deal with Russian strongman Vladimir Putin would boost the Kremlin’s war coffers at “the expense of American consumers and our democratic ally Ukraine.” She continued: “Donald Trump isn’t doing anything to bring down prices, diesel prices or costs. Trump’s diesel deal with Putin is corrupt and illegal, and I am evaluating options to stop it from arriving at a port in New Jersey.” Russia, meanwhile, is poised to extend its own ban on diesel exports until the end of the year even as the Kremlin makes exceptions for shipments to the U.S., Reuters reported.
Speaking of Russian energy imports: I had an exclusive from yesterday afternoon you may have missed. General Matter, the nuclear enrichment startup founded by one of SpaceX’s first employees, took a big step toward starting construction on its facility at a Department of Energy-owned Superfund site in Kentucky. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission accepted the first major application from the startup in half the time the agency usually takes. The company, backed by both billionaire Peter Thiel and former White House climate czar John Kerry, told me it expects to have its license by next year, allowing construction to begin before 2028. If all goes according to plan, the Los Angeles-headquartered firm could start selling reactor fuel by 2029, a year after federal law bans all imports of Russian uranium.
A month ago, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission told PJM Interconnection to go back and do more work on its proposed special procurement of electricity generation designed to fill the 6,800-megawatt shortfall from its latest capacity auction. That procurement was originally scheduled for September 30. Now the country’s second-largest electricity market proposes that the special procurement happen on March 1 as a result of the delay.
As requested by FERC, PJM revamped plans to allocate costs from the auction, saying that costs will be assigned based on growth between this summer’s peak and its forecast for 2028-29, meaning that the areas that expect the most load growth will bear the brunt of the costs from procuring the power. What remains to be seen is how FERC responds. The Commission has had choice words for PJM recently, with its chair calling the first proposal a “mess.” – Matthew Zeitlin
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Former Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland announced her opposition Thursday to the bipartisan permitting reform deal. In an interview with Politico reporter Nico Portuondo, the first Native American to serve as a U.S. Cabinet secretary and an enrolled member of the Pueblo of Laguna said she sided with the mounting number of tribal groups urging Congress to change or abandon the Bipartisan American Affordability and Jobs Act. Among the top concerns raised by several such groups: the fate of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Long considered a tool for tribes to have a say over federal projects affecting land near reservations or at cultural sites, the changes proposed in BAAJA would come at “the expense of Tribal sovereignty, consultation, sacred places, or cultural heritage that Section 106 was enacted to protect,” according to the National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers.
Supporters of the bill, meanwhile, had fresh evidence to point to on Thursday of its benefits. A new analysis by Resources for the Future, the 74-year-old nonprofit think tank focused on research into energy and natural resources, found that passing BAAJA would increase long-distance transmission infrastructure 30% by 2041. Interregional transmission capacity “more than doubles.” Electricity costs overall would drop by between 3.5% and 7% over the same period. One complicating factor is the report’s outlook emissions. While RFF projected a near-term drop in emissions of roughly 200 million metric tons, it sees emissions from the power sector growing over the next 15 years. If the bill becomes law, RFF found, the sector’s emissions would still end up 1.8 billion metric tons lower than the baseline scenario.
In 2024, GH America Energy, a Texas LLC and subsidiary of a Chinese company, sued the Electric Reliability Council of Texas after the state’s grid operator canceled the pending interconnection application for a project in Val Verde County near the Mexican border. The developer had been eyeing a number of renewable energy projects in the state when lawmakers passed the Texas Lone Star Infrastructure Act in 2021, banning foreign-owned companies from hooking up to critical infrastructure networks. Three years later, ERCOT cited the law to toss GH America’s application. The company, in turn, argued that federal law preempted the Texas restrictions. On Thursday, Utility Dive reported that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit had ruled this month that Texas has a “free lane” to restrict foreign-owned companies within its borders, in much the same way states impose environmental or health standards without running afoul of federal law.
In Houston, meanwhile, the fully U.S.-owned SEG Solar told Reuters it had secured land for a $950 million solar cell facility. The plant would add 4 gigawatts of annual capacity to churn out heterojunction, or HJT, cells. The hybrid cells layer thin film cells on crystalline solar cells to maximize the benefits of both technologies.
The European Union plans to delay some of its controversial green hydrogen production rules in response to “slower-than-expected expansion of the hydrogen market,” Hydrogen Insight reported. The chastened outlook couldn’t be farther from what’s going on in China. As dedicated readers of this newsletter know, Chinese investments into green hydrogen have soared in recent years — and yielded breakthroughs. My colleague Katie Brigham has a story I had been wanting to read for months, describing how China’s grip over the electrolyzer industry was tightening, and what that means for green hydrogen going forward.
If everything goes smoothly, the first commercial output could begin as soon as 2029.
General Matter, the secretive nuclear enrichment startup led by one of the first employees at Elon Musk’s SpaceX, emerged last month by publicly unveiling its plans to convert a Superfund site in Paducah, Kentucky, into the nation’s newest plant transforming raw uranium into fuel for reactors. Backed by both tech billionaire Peter Thiel and former White House climate czar John Kerry, the Los Angeles-based company chose the location, which until 2013 served for over six decades as an enrichment facility for the United States government, as a symbol of American reindustrialization. The startup stuck to a straightforward pitch: honing the cheapest, fastest, and most efficient technology to enrich uranium, following the path SpaceX took to engineer its rockets.
Now General Matter is set to announce its most significant public regulatory progress to date. On Thursday, Heatmap can exclusively report that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission accepted the company’s application, clearing a path to begin construction at the Department of Energy-owned Paducah site by next year.
“The U.S. used to be more than 80% of global enrichment; now we’re less than 1%,” Scott Nolan, General Matter’s chief executive, told me by phone Thursday from Paducah. “As a company, we’re not only bringing enrichment back to the U.S. to meet our needs and our allies’ needs, but also dropping the cost so nuclear is not just the safest and cleanest but the cheapest baseload power.”
The NRC gave its approval for General Matter to begin the application process just one month after the company filed its paperwork. In its acceptance letter, the NRC said it had completed the initial review in half the normal time and will consider other ways to expedite the process, a benefit owed in no small part to General Matter’s pre-application engagement with the agency.
“We’ve been told it’s due to the completeness and quality of our application,” Nolan said. “That application really followed over 100 different interactions with the NRC to coordinate on what we were planning to submit. We believe that pre-work has helped us.”
The company expects to receive approval from the NRC on its initial application by next year, allowing for construction to begin beyond the early work of clearing space and grading soil. If that goes according to schedule, Nolan said equipment installation can begin in 2028, with the first commercial output the following year.
The dominant technology for uranium enrichment is a gas centrifuge — giant vertical cylinders that spin tens of thousands of times per minute and push heavier Uranium-238 molecules toward the outer wall of the machine, leaving behind the Uranium-235 needed to sustain a chain reaction of atom splitting. Newer technologies involve using lasers to separate U-235 through electromagnetic properties. General Matter has not yet said what kind of technology it’s pursuing.
“We are developing novel technology but not novel physics or novel engineering,” Nolan said, adding that the company has “coordinated very closely” with the Energy Department as it demonstrates its hardware.
This first application would allow General Matter to produce the low-enriched uranium used in conventional nuclear reactors. Next year, the company plans to submit a second application that would allow it to churn out high-assay low-enrich uranium, a more potent fuel needed for next-generation reactors like the small modular reactors that startups Oklo, TerraPower, and X-energy are developing.
The milestone on General Matter’s inaugural application comes as the U.S. nuclear industry is anxiously seeking new sources of fuel. Russian nuclear fuel has dominated the American industry since the 1990s, when the Clinton-era “megatons to megawatts” program agreed to buy any reactor fuel made from materials extracted from dismantled atomic weapons. As a non-proliferation effort, it helped divert material that might have otherwise ended up in bombs or sitting around in the chaos of post-Soviet Russia. But the cheap imports all but put the domestic enrichment industry out of business.
That scarcely mattered in the decades when nuclear power was in decline. Now that the U.S. is forecast to build at least 10 gigawatts of new nuclear capacity over the next 14 years, companies are looking to shore up the supply of fuel. And that supply is shrinking. At the end of next year, federal law passed in the wake of the Kremlin’s invasion of Ukraine will ban any imports of Russian nuclear fuel. Industry sources familiar say following through would almost certainly mean the U.S. will run short on enriched uranium, suggesting Washington might seek to ease sanctions in much the same way the Trump administration just did for Russian diesel.
“The Russia ban is partly why we’re trying to move quickly to meet U.S. industry demand,” Nolan said.
The problem illustrates the market need General Matter aims to serve. It’s not alone: BWX Technologies, a chief supplier of nuclear fuel to the U.S. military, has ramped up production. Centrus Energy, another major enrichment company that spun out in the 1990s from federal ownership, has also begun a major expansion, shipping new centrifuges to its Ohio facility just this morning.
U.S. utilities have sufficient inventories of uranium to make it through the end of the decade, Nolan said. And even if Russian material is allowed in, the U.S. has historically capped Moscow’s share of the American market at 25%.
“Our mindset is not just to displace Russia from the U.S. market, but to restore U.S. self sufficiency on enrichment and help fuel allied countries with U.S. fuel instead of having them purchase from an adversary,” Nolan said.
He drew a parallel to SpaceX. Space launch, he said, “was an industry the U.S. once led in and had fallen behind on. We stopped launching the space shuttle and were unable to take astronauts and cargo to the International Space Station. One of SpaceX’s early missions was to take us back to the space station and end reliance on Russia.”
Current conditions: A Pineapple Express — the powerful atmospheric river that hits the West Coast, not the marijuana strain — could pummel the Southwest with heavy rain on Halloween • The remnants of Typhoon Champi are driving a severe storm in the Bering Sea, with four-foot waves lapping on Alaska’s shore • Despite India’s evacuation of nearly 200,000 people, Cyclone Arnab killed at least nine and destroyed tens of thousands of acres of crops in Andhra Pradesh.
The Federal Reserve voted Wednesday to keep benchmark interest rates steady despite last month’s spike in inflation statistics. In a post-meeting statement, the Federal Open Market Committee said it had decided to keep the federal funds target range between 3.75% and 4%, maintaining the central bank’s quarter percentage-point hike from last month. “Inflation remains elevated,” the statement cautioned. “The accumulation of more information will help the Committee determine the policy stance appropriate to ensure a timely return of inflation to the Committee’s 2% goal.”
For clean energy developers, whose projects’ upfront costs make them sensitive to the price of borrowing money, a hold is better than a hike. But a reduction is better than a hold.
GE Vernova’s gas turbine business is going gangbusters as data centers drive demand for new generators. Its nuclear-focused joint venture with the Japanese industrial giant Hitachi, meanwhile, is making real progress toward building out an order book for its 300-megawatt small modular reactor, the BWRX-300. Now the General Electric spinout is making a big bet on the future of the transmission buildout. On Wednesday, the company announced a deal to pay $9 billion for Trench Group, a global manufacturer of high-voltage transmission equipment and grid components. The deal is expected to close at the end of next year. “Trench’s differentiated high-voltage grid technology, strong execution, and deep customer relationships are key enablers of the modernized, resilient grid required to keep pace with the electricity supercycle,” GE Vernova CEO Scott Strazik said in a press release.
It’s far from the only company betting on future grid construction. Hitachi announced a $1 billion investment into a U.S. transformer factory last year. Meanwhile, a former Tesla executive just launched a startup called Heron Power aiming to make transformers specifically designed to patch more data centers and renewables onto the grid. There’s plenty of money to go around: As you may recall, the Department of Energy has in recent weeks pumped billions of dollars into upgrading the U.S. power grid.
More than 40 clean tech startups urged both parties in Congress to pass permitting reform legislation before the session ends. In a letter published Thursday morning and shared exclusively with me for this newsletter, the companies said the Bipartisan American Affordability and Jobs Act “helps innovators spend more time building and less time waiting.” Signatories included geothermal heavyweights Fervo Energy, Quaise, and Zanskar; carbon removal company Heirloom, and fusion giants Commonwealth Fusion Systems and Realta. The bill, they continued, “restores confidence that American projects can move from concept to construction on predictable timelines.”
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, on the other hand, came out with its own statement warning lawmakers against the bill. In its view, BAAJA would “lock in dirty energy for decades” and make it “harder for people to show they are harmed by pollution.” The group will undoubtedly find sympathetic audiences at the upper rungs of the Democratic Party. In remarks my colleague Jael Holzman obtained, John Podesta, the Biden White House’s senior climate policy advisor, said at a conference last week that he worried the bill could hand Trump “a loaded Howitzer.”
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Man bites dog: New York City might just have something to learn from Connecticut. In 2011, New York’s neighbor established the nation’s first green bank. As of this year, the agency has directed more than $3 billion toward things like developing solar and storage systems on public housing. “What we saw in Connecticut was a way to get community-scale renewable projects built that markets alone were not delivering,” Jason Kowalski, the executive director of the Public Renewables Project, told me. “With New York City, similarly, we’re looking to fill market gaps.” In a new report released Wednesday, his group — along with fellow left-leaning energy policy advocates Public Power NY and the Climate & Community Institute — proposed that New York City create its own green bank, modeled on Connecticut’s experiment. “We’re not thinking about public versus private,” Kowalski added. “We’re thinking of public versus nothing. We’re targeting places where nothing is getting built. This is a mechanism for building revenue-positive projects that are not being built because of the transaction costs or because there is no planning function that’s brought in to plan at any scale.” The proposal could find sympathetic eyes in Mayor Zohran Mamdani’s administration. The democratic socialist has embraced venturing where, since the 1990s, government has rarely gone. City Hall brokered a deal two weeks ago to chip in $30 million for New York University’s next-generation computing lab in exchange for 15% of the proceeds from any technology the facility develops and sells. As you may recall, I called the agreement “New Dealism for quantum computing.”
Public financiers could also come in handy as cities undertake the costly renovations and infrastructure upgrades needed to survive in a hotter, more meteorologically chaotic world. The European Commission this week unveiled new climate rules requiring governments to establish who is responsible for protecting citizens from climate disasters, Euronews reported. Brussels wants major cities to prepare for as much as 3 degrees Celsius of warming above pre-industrial norms. That’s more than double the warming we are already getting a taste of from El Niño.
Cement produces roughly 8% of global emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide — four times the output of airplanes. Cutting emissions across the wider economy requires building a lot of stuff. Paradoxically, that means using a lot more cement, adding to emissions. But a growing suite of startups is rolling out new technological approaches to make low-carbon cement. One of them just announced a major deal with Meta. The Facebook owner agreed to buy environmental attribute certificates associated with 200,000 tons of San Jose-based Fortera’s low-carbon cement. “Agreements of this scale and duration are what unlock financing and move projects from plans to production,” Fortera CEO Ryan Gilliam said in a statement. “They also show the market that low-carbon cement is a product that buyers are serious about and planning around for years to come.” The clean cement sector has been, as my colleague Katie Brigham wrote, riding the artificial intelligence wave.

Antimony is a lustrous, silvery-gray metalloid. It’s needed for solar panel glass and all kinds of batteries. And the U.S. overwhelmingly relies on imports of it from China and Tajikistan. Maybe not for long, Mining Technology hinted. On Wednesday, Alaska’s Department of Natural Resource gave its final approvals to the startup Nova Minerals. The project, funded with nearly $45 million from the Department of Defense, aims to begin production next year.
Editor’s note: This story has been updated to reflect the nature of Meta’s purchase from Fortera.