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It wasn’t the titanium iPhone 15 casing, the USB-C charging port, or the ever-baffling Vision Pro updates that got top billing at Apple’s 2023 launch event on Tuesday — it was carbon neutrality.
The company’s annual new product showcase still included all the anticipated announcements, including two new Apple watches, the iPhone 15, and updated AirPods Pro. But Apple also used this year’s event to highlight the progress it has made towards hitting its goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2030.
Unfortunately, it often managed to do so in the most confusing and cringey ways possible.
One particularly embarrassing early skit involved “Mother Nature” (in a cameo by Octavia Spencer) stopping by the Apple HQ to check in on the progress of the net-zero promise (think: Mother Nature staring soberly out at the horizon and Tim Cook being called Henry David Thoreau). Further loftily worded claims about Apple’s first-ever “carbon-neutral products” — the Series 9 Apple Watches — were couched in caveats about how “high-quality carbon credits” will be used to “address the small amount of remaining emissions.”
2030 Status | Mother Nature | Applewww.youtube.com
Overpromises (especially ones featuring Mother Nature played by an Academy Award-winning actress) matter: Most Americans already distrust corporate pledges around climate change, a Heatmap poll conducted earlier this year found. That's probably because corporations have a habit of making strong but vague vows about reducing carbon emissions and then not following through.
Americans might be growing attuned to a few giveaways that corporate spin is afoot. For instance, buying carbon credits without actually cutting emissions can be used to claim progress that wasn't actually earned. An investigation earlier this year even found that 90% of the carbon offsets by Verra, one of Apple’s partners, are “worthless.” Additionally, unit-focused carbon reductions, like those behind the Series 9, might make you feel good when you’re in the checkout line looking at the leafy label on the box, but don’t ultimately reflect the enormous work that goes into shifting the larger company’s footprint.
There can also be a lot of noise among corporate climate promises because drawing attention to small deeds can create the impression that real progress is being made when it isn’t. And Apple’s sustainability announcements sure felt noisy. Apple announced that it is completely eliminating the use of emissions-intensive leather (though the Hermes bands aren’t going anywhere). It said its iPhone screens will be “more repairable,” but then stopped short of actually making the anticipated right-to-repair announcement. And while Apple didn’t exactly volunteer to switch its charging ports to USB-C, it didn’t bother to address the inevitable e-waste that such a switch will create, either.
But here’s the thing: It appears Apple is starting to do the hard work. It is not completely relying on carbon credits to hit its ambitious goals. Its carbon-neutral watch is not masking total inaction elsewhere. And its list of emissions cuts is starting to add up to something real — in fact, its latest sustainability report says it has already reduced its gross emissions by over 45% since 2015. Why Tim Cook didn’t lead with this on Tuesday is beyond me.
Other initiatives that were actually pretty cool didn't get enough attention. Apple said it is prioritizing lower-emission shipping, like ocean and rail freight — a claim it says its methodology shows will emit “95 percent fewer emissions than by air,” a staggering number if true. It also highlighted its use of recycled materials but lingered too long on the ugly leather watchband replacements and too little on what was actually noteworthy: that the iPhone 15 uses 100% recycled cobalt in the battery; 100% recycled rare earth elements in the magnets; 100% recycled copper foil in the main logic board; and 100% recycled aluminum in the internal structural frame. (The mining and carbon-intensive processes like smelting aluminum required for iPhone manufacturing have long been targets of Apple’s sustainability critics).
Some of the most interesting moves by Apple were actually on the software side — and weren’t even featured in the streamed event. Take the introduction of a new tool called the “Grid Forecast,” which uses data from Watttime to predict when there’s cleaner energy available on a user’s grid, helping them to make informed usage or charging decisions. The tool appears to be the evolution of the “clean charging” feature that was introduced in iOS 16 and received considerable pushback (“iPhone users claim Apple is trying to TRICK them into upgrading by quietly slowing charging,” roared The Daily Mail at the time). Apple is also adding real-time EV charging station availability to its Maps app, which, if you haven’t heard, is good now.
Another neat new feature that I’ve already been enjoying while using the iOS 17 beta has been the addition of historic temperature data to the weather app, so you can see how much hotter it is out than average. It’s one thing to know that extreme heat events are becoming more common with climate change; it’s another to see day after day that it’s been “+19 above average.”

It’s absolutely true that Apple highlighted its carbon-neutral progress at length in part to help you feel less guilty about purchasing an expensive new gadget when the one you already have works perfectly fine. But it’s also worth applauding the company for taking some meaningful steps in the right direction that could add up in the long term.
You’re always right to be wary of when corporate climate promises sound too good to be true, but despite the cringe-worthy videos and eye-roll-inducing claims, Apple hasn't wholly underdelivered.
Editor's note: A previous edition of this article misidentified the actor in the Apple skit. It has been corrected. We regret the error.
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The data center boom is everywhere you look in U.S. economic and emissions data.
This is an edition of Heatmap Daily, an evening review of the day’s news written by our executive editor. Sign up for it here.
It isn’t exactly a new thought, but I’ve been struck recently by how many trends in America’s economic and environmental data are fundamentally about the data center boom and the return of electricity demand:
First, the Energy Information Administration reported this week that U.S. emissions grew by more than 2% last year, driven by surging electricity demand and an increase in coal-fired generation.What caused that higher power demand? New factories and data centers — as well as record summertime cooling demand.
Second, many of the new factories driving that higher power demand are themselves producing goods that are … let’s say … data center-adjacent. There are the enormous new semiconductor fabs, of course. But Ford and General Motors have also set up new production lines (or repurposed old ones) to manufacture grid-scale batteries to meet power demand.
Third, take a look at the recent U.S. spending on private non-residential construction — in other words, everything American companies are building that is not houses, condos, or apartments.
The construction industry’s spent almost $60 billion on data centers over the past year, which is more than it spent on all other office buildings combined (and more than it spent building warehouses, too). Just a handful of categories — data centers, power plants, electricity infrastructure, and certain kinds of electronics manufacturing — now make up a third of all U.S. private non-residential construction investment. They’ve never made up such a large share of construction spending since data collection began in 2014.
As The New York Times recently noted, the American economy is unusually dependent on the American stock market right now — and the stock market is unusually dependent on artificial intelligence. This week, investors started to balk at the enormous spending hyperscalers are planning to keep building out the AI boom; Alphabet’s shares dropped 8% this week after it boosted its planned 2026 capital expenditure and signaled 2027 will be even bigger. If the data center boom started to slow down in earnest, then more than just that budget will change.
Speaking of which, my colleague Emily Pontecorvo wrote earlier this week about how many businesses are struggling to even estimate their carbon emissions from artificial intelligence. The carbon accounting startup Watershed recently unveiled a new formula to help companies get a sense of their AI-related emissions.
But even that formula is still limited by the amount of data hyperscalers publish — and they don’t publish that much. Google, for instance, is the only AI company that has (laudably) provided estimates of its emissions on a per-prompt basis. Yet no company has published its per-token emissions, or how emissions sync up with particular models or regions.
So Emily asked Google: Why aren’t you — or any other model provider — disclosing this kind of data yet?
The tech company didn’t get back to us until after we’d published Emily’s story. But its response was interesting enough that I wanted to quote some of it here.
The problem is “industry consensus,” Cooper Elsworth, a Google spokesperson, told us. “There is currently very little consensus on how to comprehensively and fairly measure the serving environmental impact of generative AI (such as text generation),” he wrote. “Without standardized, ‘apples-to-apples’ frameworks, it is difficult to compare different providers accurately.”
That’s partly because energy use — and emissions data — can vary from site to site and depend on “custom-built hardware, software compilers, and advanced inference techniques.” And he claimed Google doesn’t always have the measurement hardware in place to provide such specific estimates: “Providing precise, repeatable data requires highly advanced measurement infrastructure,” he said. “For example, software-based energy monitoring tools often suffer from sampling biases. For our study, we had to step away from top-down averages and directly measure actual energy at the physical power supply unit (PSU) level across our deployed fleet. Not all providers have the telemetry or data sets required to benchmark their operations at this level of granularity.”
Read Emily’s story to understand the other reasons why estimating — or even “guesstimating” — AI-related carbon emissions is so challenging.
A conversation with Emma Uridge of the Kansas Health Institute.
This week’s conversation is with Emma Uridge, analyst with the Kansas Health Institute. Uridge spent copious hours analyzing state and local laws on data center development to best understand how policymakers are responding to the potential environmental public health impacts of large AI infrastructure, including power and water. The report, which came out this week, also goes in depth into those health impacts. I reached out to her to discuss what she sees as must-watch territory for our readers on this emerging policy arena.
Our conversation was lightly edited for clarity.
What is actually being done on policy when it comes to data centers — beyond moratoria of course?
So first I’d like to just talk about the point of moratoria. It’s helpful to talk about how these policies emerge in the first place. One area where moratoria are helpful is when a data center is proposed but the county has no approach for how they’d like to potentially regulate them. That’s temporary, most of the time. It lets local governments conduct research on the various impacts and also negotiate community benefits, ones that can mitigate any potential negative impacts — like Lancaster Pennsylvania, which instituted a community benefit agreement that maximized the potential benefits of development while mitigating what large data centers can do. That agreement looked at capping municipal water use at 20,000 gallons per day and requiring 100% clean energy. It had financial penalties for non-compliance. The company also committed $20 million to their local economic development and clean energy fund. There are ways to negotiate with developers.
We also see amendments to existing zoning. Data center proposals are increasingly popping up in rural areas, many of which are unzoned, so there’s no way a county can negotiate unless there’s a moratorium in place.
Other policy solutions include different performance standards or requiring on-site renewable energy, like what Jefferson County, Missouri, looked at. Also setback requirements, mandatory noise buffers, ending by-right zoning.
Where are local governments getting ideas for regulating data centers?
A lot of the technical information comes from developers. That can in cases be seen as a biased source of information. I wouldn’t say there’s a dedicated group providing assistance to local governments when a project is proposed — which is a similar story to wind industry development, where we have only a handful of consultants who provide technical advice. It can be really helpful to get a multi-disciplinary approach to hearing information. It can be helpful to have the utility commission, public health folks, those in academia, as well as the developer.
As of right now, especially in rural areas, local governments have a hard task of balancing pushback while getting the most accurate, evidence-based, neutral information to make decisions. That balance can be contentious.
What is the federal government doing on data center policy? How is the Trump administration approaching it?
A few things there. In the early days, the drive was for AI expansion and to be competitive with foreign adversaries. Now due to the amount of public pushback in red and blue localities and a more cautious approach.
I’m not seeing a lot of actual policy movement at this time.
I know the EPA is looking at the chemicals used in cooling data centers because when that water is cycled through the system, some of it is discharged into the water system, so they’re looking at the Toxic Substances and Control Act for monitoring that.
How much of an impact does this minimal federal role have on industry behavior?
Y’know, this isn’t specific to data centers. This is true for all kinds of large-scale development: there’s a need to require some sort of federal monitoring and regulation.
That’s where I see an emerging role for public health. At the federal level, there could be policy movement towards requiring some sort of environmental monitoring at data centers to make sure they’re operating responsibility. Looking at specific water use relative to water availability and what happens when there’s a time of severe, persistent drought. With air quality too — we’ve seen areas where the grid isn’t as reliable so their diesel generators are kicking on more and affecting air quality for residents.
We’re just not seeing all of that right now. We need corporate disclosure.
What do you see as the most important public health impacts from data center development?
It varies by localities. The most discussed obviously is water usage. One thing I’d note about my conversations with folks enthusiastic around emerging tech is, there are still questions that need to be asked about the capacity of localities to support a data center. Like a small town in Kansas may only be using 40% of their water for their utility needs. If a data center came online, how much of that water goes to the data center?
One area underexplored within the public health discipline is energy poverty and energy security. The ability of a household to meet the needs of everything energy provides in our lives. It’s known we have an aging electric grid but we’re not talking enough about large-scale blackouts when the grid is not sufficient to support some of these new data centers.
Plus more of the week’s big development fights.
1. Laramie County, Wyoming — Meta is fighting the fine it received in the Cheyenne data center water pollution controversy, and the conflict between the tech giant and the city’s small board of public utilities is continuing to spill out into the public.
2. Niagara County, New York — This county just rejected a solar project’s highway work permits in a show of retaliation against the state’s Office of Renewable Energy Siting.
3. Barron County, Wisconsin — The anti-solar protest is the new campaign stop in deep red Wisconsin.
4. Chesapeake, Virginia — A large battery storage project on the Virginia coastline is on the rocks amidst rampant local opposition.
5. Lewis County, West Virginia — West Virginia is now a key battleground in the fight over transmission, as a line spanning all of West Virginia and Maryland — and cutting through Data Center Alley in Virginia — causes compounding consternation.